Julian Schwinger
Julian Schwinger learned physics largely on his own, early and intensely. By his late teens he was already publishing work that senior physicists took seriously. By his twenties, he was doing calculations others could barely follow. This was not speed for its own sake. It was control. He worked mostly at night. He carried long derivations in his head. He could return months later to a calculation scribbled on a scrap of paper and immediately see what was missing. When others finished a problem in half a year, he had often done it in an evening quietly, without witnesses. In the late 1940s, quantum electrodynamics needed more than ideas. It needed a framework that could survive precision tests. Schwinger provided it: a relativistically covariant, gauge-invariant formulation that made renormalization work, and made sense of the Lamb shift and the electron’s anomalous magnetic moment. The calculations were long, exacting, and essentially error-free. At Harvard, his lectur...